Policing Styles free essay sample

In order to deal with a vast and varying array of problems and situations in the line of duty, the police department employs a multitude of operational strategies. Also they can employ a series of specialized strategies and techniques for more detailed and complex investigations which would take place over a longer period of time. A few examples of core police strategies include: preventative patrol, aggressive patrol, and directed patrol. Preventative patrol is defined as an attempt to stop crimes before they happen. (This can be implemented through several strategies such as a beat cop keeping an eye out for trouble whether he’s – or she – is on foot, bike, or horse.) Aggressive patrol can be seen whenever the police cracks down on a suspects and arrests them for their wrongdoing. Directed patrol, however, keeps the police patrol time centered in high crime areas and neighborhoods. When it comes to the style of policing, you must first take a look at the different situations that a police officer might come upon. We will write a custom essay sample on Policing Styles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In crowd control, a police officer would want to use preventative patrol. Doing this would mean that he is keeping an eye out for any troublemakers and would be able to take care of them quickly if anything should happen. (This would also put the crowd at ease, as he wouldn’t be aggressive towards those who weren’t causing trouble.) In arresting a suspect/apprehending an offender, the police officer would want to use aggressive patrol as he would need to crack down on him before he could do anything else wrong. In other words, he wouldn’t want to be passive about someone doing something wrong and would want to take action. Helping someone in need would be considered a form of directed patrol, as the officer would have his attention focused solely on who needed his help. (Thus, his attention wouldn’t be directed elsewhere.) Community policing is defined as a philosophy that promotes organizational strategies, which support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques, to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime. In theory this means that the police and the community work together and become partners to keep the crime in a neighborhood down. If anyone in the community sees anything that could be considered suspicious activity from anyone in the neighborhood, they would call the police and the  police would take a look into it. It’s a benefit for the community because they know that they have the backing of the local police department if anything happened and it’s a benefit for the police because it shows that the community trusts them to do their jobs.

Acid Rain Essays - Inorganic Solvents, Acid Rain, Sulfuric Acid

Acid Rain Essays - Inorganic Solvents, Acid Rain, Sulfuric Acid Acid Rain INTRODUCTION: Acid rain is a great problem in our world. It causes fish and plants to die in our waters. As well it causes harm to our own race as well, because we eat these fish, drink this water and eat these plants. It is a problem that we must all face together and try to get rid of. However acid rain on it's own is not the biggest problem. It cause many other problems such as aluminum poisoning. Acid Rain is deadly. WHAT IS ACID RAIN? Acid rain is all the rain, snow, mist etc that falls from the sky onto our planet that contains an unnatural acidic. It is not to be confused with uncontaminated rain that falls, for that rain is naturally slightly acidic. It is caused by today's industry. When products are manufactured many chemicals are used to create it. However because of the difficulty and cost of properly disposing of these products they are often emitted into the atmosphere with little or no treatment. The term was first considered to be important about 20 years ago when scientists in Sweden and Norway first believed that acidic rain may be causing great ecological damage to the planet. The problem was that by the time that the scientist found the problem it was already very large. Detecting an acid lake is often quite difficult. A lake does not become acid over night. It happens over a period of many years, some times decades. The changes are usually to gradual for them to be noticed early. At the beginning of the 20th century most rivers/lakes like the river Tovdal in Norway had not yet begun to die. However by 1926 local inspectors were noticing that many of the lakes were beginning to show signs of death. Fish were found dead along the banks of many rivers. As the winters ice began to melt off more and more hundreds upon hundreds more dead fish (trout in particular) were being found. It was at this time that scientist began to search for the reason. As the scientists continued to work they found many piles of dead fish, up to 5000 in one pile, further up the river. Divers were sent in to examine the bottom of the rivers. What they found were many more dead fish. Many live and dead specimens were taken back to labs across Norway. When the live specimens were examined they were found to have very little sodium in their blood. This is typical a typical symptom of acid poisoning. The acid had entered the gills of the fish and poisoned them so that they were unable to extract salt from the water to maintain their bodies sodium levels. Many scientist said that this acid poising was due to the fact that it was just after the winter and that all the snow and ice was running down into the streams and lakes. They believed that the snow had been exposed to many natural phenomena that gave the snow it's high acid content. Other scientists were not sure that this theory was correct because at the time that the snow was added to the lakes and streams the Ph levels would change from around 5.2 to 4.6. They believed that such a high jump could not be attributed to natural causes. They believed that it was due to air pollution. They were right. Since the beginning of the Industrial revolution in England pollution had been affecting all the trees,soil and rivers in Europe and North America. However until recently the loses of fish was contained to the southern parts of Europe. Because of the constant onslaught of acid rain lakes and rivers began to lose their ability to counter act their affects. Much of the alkaline elements; such as calcium and limestone; in the soil had been washed away. It is these lakes that we must be worried about for they will soon become extinct. A fact that may please fishermen is that in lakes/rivers they tend to catch older and larger fish. This may please them in the short run however they will soon have to change lakes for the fish supply will die quickly in these lakes. The problem is that acid causes difficulties the fish's reproductive system. Often fish born in acid lakes do not survive for they are born with birth defects such as twisted and deformed spinal columns. This is a sign that they are unable to extract enough calcium from the water to

3 Clumsy Compositions

3 Clumsy Compositions 3 Clumsy Compositions 3 Clumsy Compositions By Mark Nichol In each of the sentences below, awkward syntax results in a distractingly clunky flow that obstructs comprehension. Discussion and revision of each example tells and shows how to make the statements flow more smoothly. 1. They wanted to evolve the organization beyond its roots as a traditional hospital network with success measured by occupancy, or â€Å"heads in beds.† When an informal word or phrase used as a synonym for a more formal term appears, the coinage often follows the standard term as an appositive (a term equivalent to an adjacent term), which is illogical- why introduce the slang term after using the official one, when, whether it appears again or not, it seems immediately redundant? The only sensible reason to use both synonyms is to first introduce an informal term that will subsequently reappear in the piece of content, then gloss (briefly define) it with the formal term; thereafter, when readers encounter the term again, they will have already been informed of its meaning: â€Å"They wanted to evolve the organization beyond its roots as a traditional hospital network with success measured by ‘heads in beds,’ or occupancy.† 2. The issue has been under the spotlight in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Monetary Authority spokesperson John Chang commented on its response last week. In this sentence, â€Å"Hong Kong† is awkwardly repeated in immediate succession, separated only by a period, which makes it difficult to read. The phrase describing John Chang’s affiliation is easily relocated to follow his name, a solution recommended in general when such a description is extensive: â€Å"The issue has been under the spotlight in Hong Kong. John Chang, a spokesperson for the Hong Kong Monetary Authority, commented on its response last week.† 3. The customer risk rating calculation methodology should be adjusted to take into account any heightened risk of financial crime. The adjectival cluster that precedes methodology is awkward because all the words in that string are nouns serving as adjectives, and the reader can easily become frustrated about having to haltingly read the phrase while trying to parse where the phrasal adjective ends. The technically correct solution is to hyphenate the string, but the result is unwieldy. Better yet, relax the sentence to reduce the number of elements in the phrasal adjective: â€Å"The methodology for calculating customer-risk rating should be adjusted to take into account any heightened risk of financial crime.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food†Disappointed + PrepositionUsing "May" in a Question

Relationship between education and health status Research Paper

Relationship between education and health status - Research Paper Example The study, of the relationship between education and the health status, is crucial since lifestyle related diseases are becoming increasingly rampant and can only be controlled if people are well educated on the same. When people speak of health status and education, it may not be obvious as to which form of education they are referring. It could be that they mean the formal education offered in schools, or the informal education offered concerning health and general wellbeing. This paper seeks to explain the relationship between education and health status of individuals. Fayissa et al (2011) explain that the relationship between health status and education is a two-way process. This, they explain, means that changes in the education quality and level of an individual affects the health status the same way the health status affects the level and quality of education. According to Fayissa et al (2011), poor health status has serious negative effects on the education of an individual. An appropriate illustration, they say, is the fact that an individual infected with such serious diseases as HIV and AIDS do not have the motivation to acquire education. This was established by a study carried out by Cutler and Lleras-Muney (2007). The study, carried out among college-age students, indicated that those with little or no education are less concerned about their health status. It was, however, concluded that in considering the effect of education on health status and vice versa, other aspect had to be taken into serious consideration. For example, such fac tors as the economic status of the family from which the individuals came from mattered a lot. An individual could be uneducated, but since they were financially stable and could afford to pay for insurance covers, they took more precaution and were so much concerned about their health. According to Cutler and Lleras-Muney (2007), the relationship between education and health

Paper that assesses the legal problems of genuineness of assent and Essay

Paper that assesses the legal problems of genuineness of assent and what condition must prevail in order for a contractual offer to be null and void relative to absense of genuineness - Essay Example Agreements or promises made must be consented to in order to bind all the parties to a contract. Essentially, the contracting process has to be genuine. If the genuineness of assent is questionable, the underlying contract(s) might fail to be legally binding. However, there are legal challenges involved relative to proving lack of genuineness of assent in a contract context. The enforceability of a contract is subject to genuineness of assent (Miller, 2012). Contracts are effectively and efficiently performed where genuineness of assent is not questionable. When genuineness of assent is characterized by doubt or lack of it altogether, legal provisions applicable to the contract context take their course. In this respect, the primary legal problems and challenges that surround genuineness of assent include mistake, misrepresentation, undue influence, or duress (Miller, 2012). The occurrence of these factors in a contract jeopardizes voluntary consent. Mistakes in contracting can be made by one or more parties. In most cases, mistakes in contracting are either factual or value-based. On its part, misrepresentation encompasses fraudulent and non-fraudulent practices that could be perpetrated by one, more than one, or all the contracting parties. Where a contracting party’s free will is overcome by the influence of another party resulting in contract consent that is not driven by free will, undue influence is realized (Miller, 2012). Moreover, an agreement or promise made under threats or force is not genuine; an aspect referred to as duress. All these issues constitute legal problems involved in contracting as far as genuineness of assent is concerned. For a contractual offer to be null and void relative to absence of genuineness, there are conditions that must be satisfied relative to mistake, misrepresentation, undue influence, or duress in contracting (Miller, 2012). Whether the mistake is unilateral or

George and Lennie Essay Example for Free

George and Lennie Essay The title of the book comes from a poem by the 18th century Scottish poet Robert Burns. Of Mice and Men is a novel written by John Steinbeck. It is set in California in 1930s during the time of the depression. During this time of depression, people lived in poverty, finding it difficult to gain employment and often had to search ranch to ranch for employment. At this time people were inspired and motivated by the American dream a dream of a land in which life should be better and richer. This, however was nothing but a lost dream. They went on to search for a job, which would fullfill, their dreams. In Of Mice and Men we know that there are characters that have a dream. A dream that they are really working hard for and there are characters whose dreams are already taken away from them. I think John Steinbeck wrote this so he can provide the reader with a historical and social viewpoint and background of life in the 1930s. An outsider is someone who does not fit in to the mainstream of Society. In this essay I will write about Candy, the oldest person on the farm. Crooks, the crippled Negro and Cuerlys wife, the only women in the book, who did not even get a name. I have chosen them because they dont fit in with the other characters. In the 1930s Curleys Wife represents people who were ignored and suffered from loneliness. First of all John Steinbeck does not reveal the name of Curleys Wife as he thinks she is not important which makes me think that she has no other part to play other than being Curleys Wife. Curlys Wife is stuck on a farm when she thinks she should be in Hollywood.

Robert E. Lee Essay -- essays research papers fc

In 2003, Roy Blount Jr. published the book Robert E. Lee through the Penguin Group Inc. This book is different then other books published about Lee due to the fact that this book looks behind the man in uniform, and shows how Lee became the legend that we know today. Blount brings an element of humor that some would not expect to find when writing about Lee. Through this type of writing, Lee transforms into the everyday person who we all can relate to.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blount takes the reader through the life of Robert E. Lee. However, Blount dances to a different beat while telling the story of Lee. There are some details about Lee that have been overlooked or ignored by other writers that Blount made prominent in this biography. One of these is Lee’s humor when it comes to the word â€Å"Pussyism† (57). This word was used when referring to the Oxford movement in the Church of England. Lee walked into conservation between two junior officers and declared, â€Å"Beware of Pussyism! Pussyism is always bad, and may lead to unchristian feeling; therefore beware of Pussyism!†(58). Lee is brought alive into the readers mind by this type of humor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Blount begins the journey through Lee’s life with Lee’s father, Henry â€Å"Light Horse Harry† Lee. Henry was a Revolutionary War hero who went bankrupt and disgraced the Lee name. When Robert was a young child his father went to Baltimore to assist in the defense of a newspaper that was opposed to the war o...

Environmental issues Essay

The Greenpeace. org website is an effective tool that calls environmental activists to action around the globe. This essay will demonstrate how the website effectively uses content, design, and visuals to achieve its objectives. The central purpose of the website is to get people involved and taking action to solve issues that negatively affect the planet. The main argument presented by www. Greenpeace. org is that ‘this fragile Earth deserves a voice. It needs solutions. It needs change. It needs action†. This argument is effectively followed up by examples of the earth being threatened by highlighting issues about energy, politics and big business. The description of each environmental issue uses pathos, logos and ethos to persuade activists. The stories that illustrate the need for action are driven by pathos which appeals to the human emotion to compel people to take action. All stories have used visuals to appeal to activists. The pictures and images are a critical part of the argument being effective. When you see something you care about in danger it is more moving than just text. A great example of moving visuals is the cute baby monkey pictured right above the ‘donate to Greenpeace’ button. The use of logos through the use of facts and figures in the website successfully back up the claim that the earth needs help. What adds further credibility to the significant amount of statistics on the website are the links to national websites which provide a more local view of the issues. The overall design of the website is seamless. Every page integrates content and visuals to highlight a range of pressing environmental issues and call for action. The home page is organized and packed full of content with a lot of images used. My firstl impression is that the homepage is too busy but it does give people the choice of what they are interested in. The color scheme is very attractive with the bright green color attracting visitors to areas of interest. The site effectively uses large font for headlines to draw attention also using different font colors for different sections. In terms of ethos the tone is appropriate in that it conveys authority on the subject while still maintaining a down to earth approach that conveys to the reader; we are in this together. The paragraphs are concise and broken up for easy reading and the writer reaches out to the reader to keep them engaged. The website is updated regularly with a daily blog. One of the most effective aspects of the greenpeace. org website is its clear and multiple calls for action on every issue mentioned on the website. For each major story there are two links one is ‘Support Us’ and the other is ‘Take Action’. On the homepage alone there are eight calls for action. The visual argument effectiveness of the greenpeace. org website has a high impact since it personalizes the issues that increase the probability of activists taking action. The website used a wide variety of tools such as video clips, photos, interactive maps, webcams, discussion forums and even Greenpeace TV. The visuals are used mostly to attach feelings and emotions to the issues for example a video clip of an interview with a farmer affected by the destruction of the Amazon forest is a powerful way to convince people to help this farmer and others like him and take action. On each page there is a picture of either an animal or a child asking the reader to take action and help them before it’s too late. Overall the Greenpeace. org website is a highly effective website that inspires and motivates activists and every day citizens to take action to address environmental issues. The design, content and visuals of the pages within the website all support the central argument that the earth is fragile and action is needed to help it before it is too late.

Developmental Reading

â€Å"The Different Learning Styles of the Selected Freshmen Education Students at Villaflores College, Tanjay City Negros Oriental SY: 20011-2012† ____________________________________________________________ __________________ A Baby Thesis Presented to Mr. Percival T. Tolomia, M. A. ED In Partial Fulfillment of the requirement in ED. STRAT 8 (Developmental Reading October 2011 CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE Introduction We choose this topic because we want to know how the freshmen students cope up with their everyday lessons with their learning styles. Recognizing which style is your preferred one is not to suggest that one is better than other, rather it serves to help you work out strategies when a certain teaching methods don’t suit your style and to challenge you to develop in all areas. Basically, once you identify your preferred style(s), take advantage of your strengths and work to develop your weaker areas. Each person has their own type of learning style. A learning style is a method in which each of us utilizes to better understand material. A preferred learning style is a style in which the person can learn best, reflecting their strengths and weaknesses of the individual. In order to understand material we take it all in with our senses, through sight, sound, touch, smell or taste. Multiple Intelligence theory maintains that there are at least seven learning styles (â€Å"intelligences†): interpersonal, intra-personal, body/kinesthetic, visual/spatial, mathematical/logical, verbal/linguistic and musical/rhythmic (Lazear, D. 1991). For the purposes of this paper I will simplify the seven categories into three main categories in which people best learn information: auditory, visual and tactile/kinesthetic. Most people possess the ability to use all three learning styles but learn best using one specific learning style. Statement of the Problem The study aimed to identify the different learning styles preferred by the selected Freshmen Education students of Villaflores College, Tanjay City for School Year 2011-2012. Specifically the study seeks the answer to the following questions: . What is the profile of our student/respondents in relation to: *age; *gender; *address; *size of the family; *educational attainment of parents; 2. What are the different learning styles used by the freshmen education students? 3. To what extent do the learning styles help the students cope up with their everyday lessons? 4. Is there a significant relationship between the learning styles of the students/respondents and their academi c performance? Significance of the Study This work has significance to the following: Students. If they know their learning styles and can articulate their needs, they can go on to address these needs with appropriate assistance. Teachers. When they identify key elements of individual learning styles, they can match instruction and materials with those individual differences providing students with a method for learning that can lead to their improved achievement and increased ability to exercise control over their own program. Moreover knowledge of learning styles would also enable them to assist students with a program that will fit the pupils learning styles strengths. Parents. Parental influences are normally more accepted by students in their formative years, parent’s knowledge of their children’s learning styles would help them in the follow-up of their children’s learning styles. Department of Education (DepEd). The result of the study will provide DepEd the insights on how to improve teaching based on students individual learning styles. Researchers. They should further their queries on the effectiveness of learning style-based instruction so that students can be provided with opportunities to improve their academic performance. Scope and Limitation of the Study The study was conducted in Villaflores College, Tanjay City with the freshmen Education students from the regular classes as respondent. Definition of Terms – Important terms in this study are defined either conceptually on operationally for a clearer understanding of its contents. Department of Education – The government agency tasked to give the basic education in the elementary, secondary and tertiary level. Freshmen Education Students – These refer to the students of Villaflores College enrolled in the Freshmen level in the Regular classes for the School Year 2011-2012. Learning Styles – Refer to the different approaches or ways of learning. It is a student’s consistent way of responding to and using stimuli in the context of learning, Villaflores College – A private school in Tanjay City. It is where the respondents of this study are enrolled in. Cognitive Theory – suggests that individuals process information differently on the basis of either acquired or inherent traits. Many researchers investigated the variables of field dependence and independence, global and analytic, simultaneous and successive, and left-right-preferred processing. As they conducted studies to determine the student’s characteristics that appeared to be more or less responsive to environmental THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY The concepts and theories gathered based on readings from books and the internet are used as basis for determining the theoretical framework of the study. Learning styles are biologically and developmentally set of personal characteristics that make the identical types of instruction affective for some students and ineffective to other. Though initially conceived as an outgrowth of practitioner’s observations this learning styles model traces its roots to two distinct learning theories. Cognitive Style Theory Cognitive Theory suggests that individuals process information differently on the basis of either acquired or inherent traits. Many researchers investigated the variables of field dependence and independence, global and analytic, simultaneous and successive, and left-right-preferred processing. As they conducted studies to determine the student’s characteristics that appeared to be more or less responsive to environmental emotional sociological and psychological stimuli, they found out that selected variables often clustered together. Indeed relationships appeared to exist between learning persistently, in quiet and bright light, in formal setting arrangements and with little or no intake, and being and analytic left processor (Dunn, Bruno, Sklar and Beaudry, 1990); (Dunn, Cavanaugh, Elerle and Zenhausern, 1982). Similarly, young people who often requested breaks while learning and who learned more, easily in soft lighting, with sound in the environment, seated formally, and with snacks, often revealed high scores as right processors. Field dependence versus field independence correlated in many ways with global versus an analytic cognitive and, again, seemed to elicit the same clustering as right- and left- preferences students did. In some cases, more attributes allied themselves with global/right tendencies than with their counterparts. Thus, although global/rights often enjoyed working with peers and using their tactual strengths, analytic/left did not reveal the reverse nor did the sociological or perceptual characteristics evidences consistent similarities. The Theory of Multiple Intelligences Howard Garner conceived the theory of multiple intelligences. He identified eight (8) different ways to demonstrate intellectual ability. The types of multiple intelligences are: Visual or Spatial Intelligence (Picture Smart) – learning visually and organizing ideas spatially. Seeing concepts in action in order to understand them. The ability to â€Å"see† things in one’s mind in planning to create a product or solve a problem. This type of intelligence is sensitive of representing ideas visually, creating mental images, noticing visual details drawing and sketching . And has the ability to create visually and visualize accurately. Verbal or Linguistic (Word Smart) – learning through the spoken and written word. This intelligence was always valued in the traditional classroom and in the traditional assessments of intelligence and achievement. This type of intelligence is sensitive of speaking, writing, listening and reading. And has the ability to speak effectively. Mathematical or Logical (Number Smart or Logic Smart) – learning through reasoning and problem solving. Also highly valued in the traditional classroom, where students were asked to adopt to logically sequenced delivery of instruction. This type of intelligence is sensitive of finding patterns, making calculations forming and testing hypothesis, using scientific method and deductive and inductive reasoning. And has the ability to work effectively with numbers and reason effectively. Bodily or Kinesthetic (Body Smart) – learning through interaction with one’s environment. This intelligence is not the domain of â€Å"overly active† learners. It promotes understanding through concrete experience. This type of intelligence is sensitive to activities requiring strength, speed, flexibility, hand-eye coordination and balance. And has the ability to use the hands to fix or create and use the body expressively. Musical (Music Smart) – learning through patterns, rhythms and music. This includes not only auditory learning, but the identification of patterns through all the senses. This type of intelligence is sensitive to listening, singing, playing an instrument. And has the ability to create and analyze music. Intrapersonal (Self Smart) – learning through feelings, values and attitudes. This is deductively affective component of learning through which students place value on what they learn and take ownership for their learning. This type of intelligence is sensitive to setting goals, assessing personal abilities and liabilities and monitoring one’s own thinking. And has the ability to meditate, reflect, exhibits self-discipline, maintain composure, and get the most out of oneself. Interpersonal (People Smart) – learning through interaction with others. Not the domain of children who are simply â€Å"talkative† or â€Å"overly social†. This intelligence promotes collaboration and working cooperatively with others. This type of intelligence is sensitive to noticing and responding to other people’s feelings and personalities. And has the ability to work with people and help people identify and overcome problems. Naturalist (Nature Smart) – learning through classification, categories and hierarchies. The naturalist intelligence picks up on subtle differences in meaning. It is not simply the study of nature; it can be used in all areas of study. This type of intelligence is sensitive to identify and classify living things and natural objects. And has the ability to analyze ecological and natural situations and data and to work in natural settings. Existential (Spirit Smart) – learning is seeing the â€Å"big picture† â€Å"Why are we here? † â€Å"What is my role in the world? † â€Å"What is my place in my family, school and community? † This intelligence seeks connections to real world understanding and application of new learning. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY The study assessed the preferred learning styles among the freshmen college students in Villaflores College. The study examined the profile of the students respondents and the significant relationship of the preferred learning styles and their profile. The variables and their relationship are shown in the conceptual framework. The diagram further shows two interactive arrows toward the socio-economic variable and learning styles strengths and weaknesses to show dynamism and interrelationship of the different components. The identified learning styles strength or weaknesses will be the basis for an enrichment plan for teaching strategies compatible to the learning styles of the freshmen college students of Villaflores College. The enrichment plan will address the teaching strategies compatible to the learning styles of the students. Review of Related Literature and Studies Related Literature Everybody has strengths, although a parents strengths tend to differ from those of the other parents, from those of their offspring and from those of their own parents. Thus, mother and father often learn differently from each other and also from their children. Nevertheless, parents commonly insist that children study and do their homework as they themselves did when they were young. That approach is not likely to be effective for at least some of the siblings because within the same family, different individuals usually learn in diametrically opposite ways. Learning style then is the way by which each learner begins to concentrate on, process and retain new and difficult information. That interaction occurs differently for every individual. To identify a person’s learning style pattern, it is necessary to examine each individual’s multidimensional characteristics to determine what is most likely to trigger each student’s concentration, maintain it, respond to his or her natural processing style, and lead to a long-term memory (Dunn, Dunn and Perrin, 1994). There are many models to identifying learning styles. One of these is the widely known learning style model of Dunn and Dunn. This learning style uses the three main sensory receivers- Vision, Auditory, and Kinesthetic to determine the dominant learning style of the learners. Its main strength is that it is quite simple, which appeals to a lot of people. The learner may prefer one style of learning for one task, and a combination of others for one task. However, one or more of these styles are dominant. This dominant style defines the best way for a person to learn and perceive information. Some hints for indentifying the different learning styles are: . Visual Learners. These types of learners can learn fast when they see, watch and observed what has to be learned. They easily visualize faces and places by using their imagination. They seldom get lost in new surroundings. They learn better with charts, demonstrations and other visual materials. They pay better attention to lectures if they watch them. b. Auditory Learners. These types of learners do better and can retain information by listening to lectures, tapes and discussions. They remember information by forming the sound of words rather than by reading silently. . Kinesthetic Learners. These learners do best while touching and moving. They tend to lose concentration if there is little or no external stimulation of movement. When listening to lectures they may want to take notes. When reading, they like to scan the material first and focus on the details. They like to draw pictures, diagrams or doodle things. Related Studies One goal of educational research is to discover a method of instruction which enables teachers to teach students effectively and efficiently in the classroom. Researchers have faintly provided knowledge on how children perceive, interact with and respond to the learning environment. But, within the educational reform arena of the 1980’s, a renewed interest styles emerged. Ebert in 1994 conducted a study learning style profile of vocational students. A multi-stage, cluster sampling of students enrolled in vocational education program in Pennsylvania was identified. The Learning Style Profile developed and distributed by the NASSP (1986) was administered to 580 students enrolled in randomly selected vocational education programs. Learning Styles Profiles of students for each program and a composite profile were established. Learning styles of vocational education students enrolled in these selected programs were found to be similar to that of the national population. The popular notion that the vocational education students differ from non-vocational education students based on their inaccurate learning style. If differences exist between vocational and non-vocational education students then the difference is the result of something other than learning style. Students enrolled vocational education programs could be taught using the same methods and with the same expectations as students enrolled in non-vocational education programs. Teachers should employ methods of instructions which address a variety of learning styles and be prepared to assist students to use knowledge of learning styles to facilitate learning. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design The study utilized the descriptive method of research. It described the different learning styles of students. It further examined present conditions as far as learning styles and profiles of the student/respondents are concerned. Research Respondents There were a total of 164 freshmen education students who serve as respondents of these study, 116 students from Bachelor of Elementary Education and 48 from Bachelor of Secondary Education. Fortunately, the researchers were able to retrieve all the questionnaire forms within the allotted span of time. Research Environment Villaflores College is located in Legaspi St. Tanjay City with the land area of 3 hectares. There are more than 8 buildings with beautiful flowers around which provide a strong facade of greenery and foliage. Research Instruments The VAK Learning Style Self-Assessment Questionnaire was used as the research instrument in gathering of data with some modifications. It contains two major parts: (1) Profile of freshmen college students. It asked for the respondent’s age, gender, family monthly income, size of the family, available learning media at home , and parents’ educational attainment; (2) Preferred learning styles of the freshmen education students. Research Procedure The researcher asked permission from Mr. Percival Tolomia Ed. Strat 8 instructor to conduct this study. After the permission was granted the researchers started the admission of the questionnaires to the freshmen education students in Villaflores College. After retrieving the questionnaire forms, the researchers examined the raw data and made necessary preparations and tabular presentations. Statistical Treatment of Data The preparation of the data matrices was done using the following statistical tools, viz: 1. Sloven’s Formula In sampling, the formula for getting the number of respondents is: n= _______ N_______ 1+ Ne2 Where: n= is the sample size N= is the population size e= is the margin of error 2. Percentage To convert the raw data into percentile score, frequencypercentage was used. The formula is: P= __f__ x 100% N Where: P= Percentage F= frequency N= number of items 3. Weighted Mean To determine the extent of preference of the pupils’ learning styles, the weighted mean was used. The formula reads as follows: Xw = _? (xw)_ ?w Where: XW (read:x bar sub w) is the symbol for the weighted mean. X is the value term W is the weight ? (xw) is the sum of the products of X and W ?w is the sum of weights

Analyzing Translation on the Dialogues in the Movie Ada Apa Dengan Cinta Essay Example

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It is supported by Larson’s statement that the goal of a good translator is to translate idiomatically which means that a translator must make every effort to communicate the meaning of the SL text in the natural forms of the TL. (Larson, 1984: 18) Translation covers both written language and spoken language. Translating spoken language is more difficult than translating written language. That’s why, sometimes, a translator accidently makes mistakes in translating a spoken language, for example in the dialogues of a movie. It is caused by slang language which exists in spoken language, stronger cultural influences, and sometimes spoken language doesn’t follow grammatical rules. This is why a kind of translators’ job to translate dialogues in a movie is not easy, especially when they have to put the subtitles in time and cannot give a footnote to explain some difficult words. As this paper is concerning about translation of a movie, it focuses on analyzing the translation of the dialogues in the movie entitled â€Å"Ada Apa dengan Cinta? † This movie is about two teenagers who have different background and character in their high school. Cinta is a popular girl with her lot. On the other hand, Rangga is just a loner who loves literary work. Despite of their contradictory characters and barriers which come along, love grows between them. As additional information, this movie is produced by Miles Production and directed by Rudi Soedjarwo in 2002. ( 21cineplex. com/ada-apa-dengan-cinta,movie,588. htm) This paper is going to pick some dialogues in the movie as the examples. This paper is also going to analyze the movie based on cultural context and idiomatic translation. Its point of view of appropriate or inappropriate translation is based on whether the messages are transferred from SL text to TL text or ot. II. ANALYSIS a. Cultural Context In translating dialogues in a movie, from Bahasa Indonesia to English, a translator doesn’t only have to master both language, but also both cultures because as Edward Sapir states that no language can exist unless it is steeped in the context of culture; and no culture can exist which does not have at its center, the structure of natural language (Sapir, 1956: 69). It proves that language and culture have a strong relationship. This is why the understanding of both cultures is really required for a translator to create an appropriate translation, especially when the object of translation is a movie where spoken language has stronger cultural influence. This is also happened to the movie â€Å"Ada Apa dengan Cinta† because the source language, Bahasa Indonesia, has different root of culture with the target language, English. From the movie â€Å"Ada Apa dengan Cinta†, a conversation is chose as an example of translating spoken language based on cultural context. Cinta:Kamu tuh lebih kalo lagi kebingungan lebih nyenengin ya? Kamu bingung aja terus. (You’re nicer person when you are confused. Just stay confused at all time) Rangga: Kamu? Kamu biasanya kan ngomongnya loe-gue (You said â€Å"you†. Usually you use the colloquial â€Å"you†) That’s an appropriate example of translating spoken language. The reason is although that dialogue shows that there is untranslatability in words â€Å"loe† and â€Å"gue†, as both words are slang words for â€Å"kamu† and â€Å"aku†, the translator find a way to translate it appropriately without ruin the message of the SL to TL. Instead of translating it literally, because there are no slang words for â€Å"you† and â€Å"I† in English, the translator give a trick to translate it by giving ‘a little explanation’ in the translation. The translator translates â€Å"gue† into â€Å"colloquial ‘you’†. It is appropriate, because â€Å"colloquial† means words or languages which are used in conversation but not in formal speech or writing (Hornby, 2006: 281). b. Idiomatic Translation Sometimes, in a certain condition, it’s better for a translator to translate a SL text to TL text idiomatically rather than literally. To translate an idiomatic expression appropriately, a translator needs to understand the cultures of both languages and also needs to develop sensitivity to the use of idioms in the Target Language and use them naturally to make the translation lively and keep the style of the Source Language. ( translationdirectory. com/articles/article1739. php) The sentence below is an example of idiomatic translation which is done appropriately by the translator. It is taken from Cinta’s poem which she sings with a guitar in front of her friends. This is an example of an appropriate idiomatic translation. This is one statement of Cinta when she curses for Rangga in front of her friends after Rangga refused to be interviewed. * Cinta: Udah kayak sastrawan besar gitu lho! (He behaves as though he’s a literary giant! ) The translator’s decision to translate â€Å"sastrawan besar† into â€Å"a literary giant† is appropriate, because the message or the real meaning of â€Å"sastrawan besar† is transferred correctly into English. In this context, â€Å"sastrawan besar† doesn’t mean a big man of literature or something. Giant† in this context is not large person or strong person, but â€Å"a person who is very good at something† (Hornby, 2006: 626). Another example of idiomatic translation in the movie â€Å"Ada Apa dengan Cinta† is in the scene when Rangga’s father hands Cinta a glass of tea when she comes to visit. * Rangga’s father: Silahkan. (Hand ing Cinta a glass of tea) (Be my guest) The translator doesn’t translate â€Å"Silahkan† into â€Å"please† because it’s too literal. â€Å"Be my guest† is the English way of saying that a person is welcome and that hospitality is extended to them. That hospitality usually involves making ones resources available, so it is used in the sense of help yourself, make free with the assets. ( phrases. org. uk/bulletin_board/27/messages/1037. html) From the explanation above, it’s clear that â€Å"be my guest† is an appropriate translation for â€Å"Silahkan† because although the form of the TL text is changed, the message is delivered successfully. III. CONCLUSION From the analysis of â€Å"Ada Apa dengan Cinta†, it proves that mastering both languages is not the only requirement for a translator to produce an appropriate translation. Understanding both cultures is also needed because each culture influences each language. Idiomatic translation is also needed in purpose to deliver the message of the SL text to the TL text if the literal translation is not possible to use. Even, Larson’s statement supports it, according to him, the purpose of a good translator is to translate idiomatically (Larson, 1984: 18). REFERENCES 21Cineplex. 2002. Ada Apa dengan Cinta. 21cineplex. com/ada-apa-dengan-cinta,movie,588. htm 4th June 2011. Eftekhari, Negar. 2008. A Brief Overview on Idiomatic Translation. translationdirectory. com/articles/article1739. php. 2nd June 2011. Hornby, A. S. 2006. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford University Press: Oxford. Larson, Mildred L. 1984. Meaning-based translation: a guide to cross-language equivalence. Lanham, MD: University Press of America and Summer Institute of Linguistics. Nida, Eugene and Charle Taber. 1969. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: Brill. Newmark, Peter. 1981. Approaches to Translation. Pergamon: London. Phrase Finder. 2004. The Meaning of Phrase. phrases. org. uk/bulletin_board/27/messages/1037. html 5th June 2011 Sapir, Edward. (1956). Culture, language and personality. Berkeley ; Los Angeles: University of California Press. Wojowasito, S and Tito Wasito. 2007. Kamus Lengkap Inggris-Indonesia Indonesia-Inggris. Hasta: Bandung. Analyzing the Translation in the Dialogues of the Movie â€Å"Ada Apa dengan Cinta† Isti Maisaroh 09/282230/SA/14745 English Department Faculty of Cultural Sciences Universitas Gadjah Mada 2011

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